logical equivalence การใช้

• There is a close relationship between material equivalence and logical equivalence.
• The following logical equivalences demonstrate that commutativity is a property of particular connectives.
• This is expressed in a propositional calculus as logical equivalence of certain compound statements.
• Logical equivalence between two propositions means that they are true together or false together.
• Logical equivalence is different from material equivalence.
• Different authors use different signs for logical equivalence : ?! ( e . g.
• Due to their logical equivalence, stating one effectively states the other; when one is true, the other is also true.
• However, in a special context users might care about special semantics beyond the generic logical equivalence with which Canonical XML is associated.
• The " logical equivalence " of " NAND alone ", " NOR alone ", and " NOT and AND " is similar to Turing equivalence.
• The process of the logical equivalence of a statement and its contrapositive as defined in traditional class logic is " not " one of the axioms of propositional logic.
• They include the symbols for truth-functional connectives ( such as and, or, not, implies, and logical equivalence ) and the symbols for the quantifiers " for all " and " there exists ".
• In logically equivalent to " not ( not-A " ), or by the formula A a " ~ ( ~ A ) where the sign a " expresses logical equivalence and the sign ~ expresses negation.
• Therefore, instead of blindly assuming that no mistakes were made, a verification step is needed to check the logical equivalence of the final version of the netlist to the original description of the design ( golden reference model ).
• The logical equivalence between an empirical datum, which is a macroscopic phenomenon, and the result of a measurement, which is a quantum property, becomes clearer in the new approach, whereas it remained mostly tacit and questionable in the Copenhagen formulation.
• This means : " We assert the truth of the following : There exists a function " f " with the property that : given all values of " x ", their evaluations in function ? ( i . e ., resulting their matrix ) is logically equivalent to some " f " evaluated at those same values of " x " . ( and vice versa, hence logical equivalence ) ".
• "' RA "'can express any ( and up to logical equivalence, exactly the ) first-order logic ( FOL ) formulas containing no more than three variables . ( A given variable can be quantified multiple times and hence quantifiers can be nested arbitrarily deeply by " reusing " variables . ) Surprisingly, this fragment of FOL suffices to express Peano arithmetic and almost all undecidable . ( N . B . The Boolean algebra fragment of "'RA "'is complete and decidable .)